Table 2 Promising salivary biomarkers for other diseases discovered using transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics
From: Salivary biomarker development using genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches
Approach | Â | Markers | Sensitivity/specificity (%)/AUC |
|---|---|---|---|
Transcriptomics | Affymetrix array discovery and qRT-PCR validation (pancreatic cancer) [5] | KRAS, MBD3L2, ACRV1, DPM1 | 90.0/95.0/0.97 |
| Â | Microarray discovery and qRT-PCR verification and pre-validation (lung cancer) [84] | CCNI, EGFR, FGF19, FRS2, GREB1 | 93.75/82.8/0.93 |
|  | ELISA assessment (periodontal disease) [81] | MIP-1α | 94/92.7/0.94 |
| Â | Multiplex protein array discovery. Markers for distinguishing high and low responders to treatment for gingivitis (periodontal disease) [61] | IL-6, IL-8 | NR/NR/0.81 (HR) and 0.72 (LR) |
Proteomics | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS-MS (lung cancer) [59] | Calprotectin, AZGP1, haptoglobin hp2 | 88.5/92.3/0.9 |
Combination proteomic/transcriptomic approaches | Discovery by 2D-DIGE and RT-PCR/Affymetrix, validation by qRT-PCR (breast cancer) [14] | mRNAs: CSTA, TPT1, IGF2BP1, GRM1, GRIK1, H6PD, MDM4, S100A8 | Â |
Protein: CA6 | 83/97/92% accuracy | Â | Â |
Metabolomics | Discovery by CE-TOF-MS-based metabolomics (pancreatic cancer) [7] | Leucine with isoleucine, tryptophan, valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glutamine, aspartic acid | NR/NR/0.99 |
| Â | Discovery by CE-TOF-MS-based metabolomics (breast cancer) [7] | NR | NR/NR/0.97 |
| Â | Discovery by SERS (lung cancer) [17] | Unidentified peak wavelengths; 822, 884, 909, 925, 1009, 1,077, 1,369, 1,393, 1,721 cm-1 | 94/81/86% accuracy |