Fig. 6

Clinical characterization of SLE endotypes

Clinical metadata were summarized for each cluster from GSE88884 (ILL-1 & ILL-2) using baseline values. Metadata was categorized by A quantitative immunologic/inflammatory and systemic disease indicators, B incidence of subsequent flares over 52 weeks in placebo patients receiving SoC medication (n = 550), C patient ancestry, and D medication use. Labels on x-axes indicate the shorthand name for the endotypes. Clusters were relabeled as one of the eight endotypes using cosine similarity. Scatterplots in A display the mean ± SD for each endotype; statistical differences were found with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Significant associations between categorical variables and endotypes in B–D (denoted with asterisks in titles) were identified using chi-square test of independence. In B–D, odds ratios of endotype A (Z1) having a positive value for the clinical trait of interest as compared to the other cohorts combined are displayed above the respective bar with significance indicated by asterisks. Missing data (n.d.) were excluded from analyses. All plots were generated, and statistics were computed, in GraphPad Prism v. 9.4.0 (673). MMF = mycophenolate mofetil. MTX = methotrexate. AZA = azathioprine. n.d. = no data. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001