Fig. 2

Overview of the effects of the Shannon index with 95% CI and p-values in the (logistic) regression models on MetS outcomes. For each model, each outcome measure was predicted with Shannon, sex, ethnicity (Dutch as reference), and sex:ethnicity (except high triglycerides) and additional covariates. Those models represent the ethnic-independent effect (i.e., total model). In addition, the effect per ethnicity is provided, which is derived from the model with an additional interaction term between ethnicity and Shannon. Significance (p < 0.05; Sign_p) of this overall interaction term, assessed via LRT, is indicated by line type, as well as the significance of the overall effect of the Shannon index in the total model. Analyses were performed on the subcohort (n = 3443) with microbiota data. For the binarized variables, logistic regression was performed and its effect is indicated by LogOdds ratio, while the others were analyzed with a linear regression model and their effect is indicated by the coefficients in the model. Effects per ethnicity were calculated based on the coefficients and standard errors obtained from the int model output, including the coefficients and variance–covariance matrix. Covariates included in models: model 1: age; model 2: model 1 + PPI use + socioeconomic status; model 3: model 2 + lifestyle; model 4: model 3 + diet