Fig. 2

Cell composition alterations of peripheral immune cells in T1DM. a Bar plot of coefficients from multiple regression analysis of lymphocyte and Mo/cDC cell proportion (fraction of total PBMCs) against disease status, sex, and number of T1DM risk HLA haplotypes: 46 T1DM and 31 healthy samples. Error bars: standard error. b Same as a, for the 18 most abundant PBMC sub-populations, as well as the proportion ratios CD4⁺ EM/Treg and CD8⁺ EM/Treg. For easier visualization, the smaller values are multiplied by 10 (indicated with a superscript above the cell type label). c Cell composition changes from an independent multi-parametric FACS study of lymphoid cell types in T1DM [25]. Cell types that showed significant changes in both relative percentage and absolute cell count are shown. P-values from the original study: Mann-Whitney test. d Similar to b, on T1DM subjects alone, with GADA titer included as an additional independent variable. ^#p \(\le 0.09\), *p \(\le 0.05\), **p \(\le 0.01\), ***p \(\le 0.001\)