Fig. 5

Transcriptome aberrations of peripheral immune cells define T1DM endotype. a TMZ score summarizing pseudo-bulk expression of T1DM-associated DEGs in each of 13 immune cell types: 46 T1DM and 31 Healthy. Samples were clustered by their TMZ score profiles using k-means. Missing values indicate insufficient cell count. b Bar plot of coefficients from multiple regression analysis of TMZ score against gender, GADA titer, and number of T1DM risk HLA haplotypes: 46 T1DM samples. Cell types avg: average of z-score across all cell types. Error bars: standard error. c Scatterplot showing the association of TMZ score with GADA titer across 46 T1DM samples. p-value: Spearman rank correlation. d Box plot representing TMZ score variation within each T1DM risk haplotype category. p-value: Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA. e Effect of verapamil treatment [75] for 24 h versus untreated controls on TMZ score of human cultured islets. p-value: paired t-test. b, e ^#p \(\le 0.1\), *p \(\le 0.05\), **p \(\le 0.01\)