From: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: towards pharmacogenetics
Treatment | Mechanism | Clinical effects | Genes associated with response to therapy* | Genes associated with COPD†| References‡ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cilomilast | PDE4 inhibitor | Improvement in FEV1 and quality of life; reduced FEV1 decline; fewer exacerbations | - | PDE4 | |
Roflumilast | PDE4 inhibitor | Improvement in FEV1 | - | PDE4 | [74] |
BAYx1005 | LTB4 synthesis inhibitor | Reduced bronchial inflammation | - | - | [111] |
ABX-IL8 | Monoclonal antibody specific to IL8 | Improvement in dyspnoea and FEV1 early in treatment, but no sustained improvement in lung function by the end of the trial | - | - | [112] |
N-acetylcysteine | Antioxidant | No improvement in lung function or exacerbation frequency | - | GSTP1, GSTM1, EPHX1, SOD3 and HMOX1 | [113] |
Infliximab | Anti-TNFα | No benefit except in cachectic participants, whose 6MWT distance and frequency of hospital admissions improved | TNFA | TNFA | |
Marimastat | MMP inhibitor | Tested in asthma; reduced airway hyper-responsiveness | - | MMP1 and MMP9 | [114] |
All-trans-retinoic acid | Repairs elastase/smoke induced lung damage | Clinical trials in progress; confirm safety pilot studies | - | - | [115] |
Montelukast | Leukotriene receptor antagonist | Improved FEV1 and quality of life; observational study suggested reduced hospital admissions and medication usage | LTC4 synthase | - |