Table 1 Global gene expression studies after in utero alcohol exposure in mouse models

GD7-9

(daily intraperitoneal dose 2.9 g/kg)

Fetal brain

Timp4, Bmp15, Rnf25, Tulp4 and Dexras1

Cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis; affecting tissue growth and remodeling and neural growth and survival

[37]

GD8

(2 doses, 4 h apart, 2.9 g/kg)

Head fold, 3 h after alcohol exposure

B6N^†: glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway; B6J^† and B6N^†: tight junction, focal adhesion, adherens junction and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton

B6N^†: ribosomal proteins and proteasome; B6J^†: none detected

Common signaling pathways linking receptor activation to cytoskeletal reorganization

[40]

GD8.25

for 46 h (peak alcohol concentration 88 mM)

Whole embryo culture

All 3' miRNA motifs showed upregulatory effects^‡

Most 5' cis-acting regulatory motifs (transcription binding sites) showed down regulatory effects

Developmental deficit of growth, neuronal axis and neural patterning, hemopoiesis and apoptosis

[41]

GD8.25

for 46 h (peak alcohol concentration 88 mM)

Whole embryo culture

Decreased methylation: Nlgn3, Elavl2, Sox 21, Sim1, Igf2r and Histh3d

Increased methylation: Cyp4f13

Metabolism (Cyp4f13); imprinting (Igf2r); chromatin (Histh3d); and development (other genes)

[38]

GD0.5-8.5

Liver from 28-day-old males

D14ertd449e, Ly6e and Rrm2

Lima1, Socs2, Cables1 and Vidir

Growth; nervous system development

[39]