Figure 1From: Systems medicine and integrated care to combat chronic noncommunicable diseasesNCDs are associated with complex gene-environment interactions modulated by socio-economic determinants, psychological factors, age and gender. The products of these interactions lead to the biological expression of NCDs and further to their clinical expression with co-morbidities. A new definition of NCD phenotypes is needed to understand how a network of molecular and environmental factors can lead to complex clinical outcomes of NCDs for prevention and control.Back to article page