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Figure 1 | Genome Medicine

Figure 1

From: Systems medicine and integrated care to combat chronic noncommunicable diseases

Figure 1

NCDs are associated with complex gene-environment interactions modulated by socio-economic determinants, psychological factors, age and gender. The products of these interactions lead to the biological expression of NCDs and further to their clinical expression with co-morbidities. A new definition of NCD phenotypes is needed to understand how a network of molecular and environmental factors can lead to complex clinical outcomes of NCDs for prevention and control.

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