Figure 1

HIF-1α regulation in normoxic and hypoxic conditions and a selection of the genes, grouped by biological function, that are directly regulated by HIF-1α. Under normoxic conditions, the subunit HIF-1α is hydroxylized and rapidly degraded by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α is stabilized and is translocated to the nucleus. There, it binds to the subunit HIF-1β and the co-activator p300 and activates the transcription of target genes that are involved in several cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, pH regulation and stem cell maintenance. Abbreviations: ANG-1, Angiopoietin-1; CA9, Carbonic anhydrase 9; CBP, CREB binding protein; CCND1, cyclin D1; CKCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; c-MET, Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor; ENOI, Enolase I; EPO, Erythropoietin; FLK-1, Fetal liver kinase-1; FLT-1, FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GYS1, Glycogen synthase 1; HK1, Hexokinase 1; HRE, hypoxic-response element; IGF2, Insulin-like growth factor 2; IGF-BP2, IGF-binding protein 2; JARID1B, Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1B; LOX, Lysyl oxidase; MMP-2, Matrix metalloproteinase 2; OCT4, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4; PAI-1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PDGF-B, Platelet-derived growth factor-B; PDK1, Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PFKFB3, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 3; PGK1, Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PKM2, Pyruvate kinase M2; SDF-1, Stromal-derived factor 1; TGF-α, Transforming growth factor α; TIE-2, Tie-like receptor tyrosine kinase 2; Ub, Ubiquitin; UPAR, Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.