Table 2 Epigenetic deregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma
| Upregulation or downregulation |
Sample/material studied | Reference(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation | |||
| Genome-wide | Down | Tumors | [60, 62] |
| Repetitive elements (LINE-1, SAT-2, ALU) | Down | Tumors | [61] |
| p16INK4A (TSG) | Up | Cirrhotic tissue, blood, serum, tumors | [59, 63, 86] |
| RASSF1A (TSG) | Up | Cell lines, cirrhotic tissue, serum, tumors | [59, 63, 86] |
| SOCS1 (TSG) | Up | Cell lines, tumors | [55, 59, 63, 102] |
| E-Cadherin (TSG) | Up | Cirrhotic tissue, tumors | [63, 86] |
| GSTP1 (TSG) | Up | Serum, tumors | [59, 63, 86] |
| Histone mark | |||
| H3K9 dimethylation | Up | Cell lines | [69] |
| H3K9 trimethylation | Up | Rodent models | [68] |
| H3K27 trimethylation | Up | Cell lines | [69] |
| H4K20 trimethylation | down | Rodent models | [68] |
| H3 global acetylation | Down and up | Cell lines | [70] |
| H4 global acetylation | Down and up | Cell lines | [70] |
| microRNA | |||
| miR-1 | Down | Cell lines, tumors | [73, 77] |
| miR-18 | Up | Tumors | [72, 75, 138] |
| miR-21 | Up | Cell lines, tumors | [72–74, 138] |
| miR-122 | Down | Tumors | [73, 77, 81, 138] |
| miR-199 | Down | Tumors | [73–76, 138] |
| miR-221 | Up | Cell lines, tumors | [73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 138] |
| miR-222 | Up | Cell lines, tumors | [77, 79] |
| miR-224 | Up | Tumors | [75, 78, 138] |
