From hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposed model for cross-talk between inflammation and epigenetic mechanisms

Table 2 Epigenetic deregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma

	Upregulation or downregulation	Sample/material studied	Reference(s)
DNA methylation
Genome-wide	Down	Tumors	[60, 62]
Repetitive elements (LINE-1, SAT-2, ALU)	Down	Tumors	[61]
p16INK4A (TSG)	Up	Cirrhotic tissue, blood, serum, tumors	[59, 63, 86]
RASSF1A (TSG)	Up	Cell lines, cirrhotic tissue, serum, tumors	[59, 63, 86]
SOCS1 (TSG)	Up	Cell lines, tumors	[55, 59, 63, 102]
E-Cadherin (TSG)	Up	Cirrhotic tissue, tumors	[63, 86]
GSTP1 (TSG)	Up	Serum, tumors	[59, 63, 86]
Histone mark
H3K9 dimethylation	Up	Cell lines	[69]
H3K9 trimethylation	Up	Rodent models	[68]
H3K27 trimethylation	Up	Cell lines	[69]
H4K20 trimethylation	down	Rodent models	[68]
H3 global acetylation	Down and up	Cell lines	[70]
H4 global acetylation	Down and up	Cell lines	[70]
microRNA
miR-1	Down	Cell lines, tumors	[73, 77]
miR-18	Up	Tumors	[72, 75, 138]
miR-21	Up	Cell lines, tumors	[72–74, 138]
miR-122	Down	Tumors	[73, 77, 81, 138]
miR-199	Down	Tumors	[73–76, 138]
miR-221	Up	Cell lines, tumors	[73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 138]
miR-222	Up	Cell lines, tumors	[77, 79]
miR-224	Up	Tumors	[75, 78, 138]

ISSN: 1756-994X