Table 2 Salient differences between previous models of citizen participation and wiki-governance

Web 1.0 or limited utilization of technology

Web 2.0, social media and network-driven

Hierarchical

Non-hierarchical

Crowd-sourcing

Structured coordination and role differentiation

Procedure-driven deliberation

Solution-driven collaboration

Publication of policies for possible comment

Collaborative co-creation of policies

Selective reflection of values

Inclusive reflection of multiple values

Limited (ongoing) communication channels

Continuous feedback loop

Cacophonous and potentially frivolous contributions leading to 'tune-out' by innovation actors and failure

Reputational metrics to foster tune-in, good participation practices and trust of meaningful contributors