Figure 1

SEM models. The figure shows all 10 possible path models for a cross-associated set of a SNP, a metabolite or ratio, and a serum lipid, conditioned on the paths originating from the SNP [18]. Of these, only Models 4 to 10 were tested because Models 1 to 3 were overparameterized in our study (that is, they had zero degrees of freedom). Models 1 to 3 are also Markov equivalent and cannot be statistically distinguished.