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Ploidy
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Haploid
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Diploid
|
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Genetic re-assortment
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Infrequent short gene conversion and horizontal gene transfer events
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Homologous recombination and chromosome segregation linked to reproduction
|
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Accessory (non-core) genes
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Variable numbers in different species
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Rare
|
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Linkage disequilibrium
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Variable across the genome and between species
|
Variable across the genome
|
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Population structure
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Asexual, generally highly structured, except for relatively rare homologous recombination events
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Sexual, variable allele frequencies in subpopulations owing to non-random mating, ancestral divergence, drift
|
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Confounders in genome-wide association studies
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Population structure
|
Population structure
|
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How to move from association to causality
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Genetic reconstruction of mutations in laboratory strains, transposon mutant screens
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Forward genetics in animal models or cultured tissue systems; linkage to known genetic diseases; large monogenic association studies
|
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Current burden of proof for causality
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Molecular Koch’s Postulates
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Combined genetic and experimental evidence
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