From: TET proteins and the control of cytosine demethylation in cancer
Proteins | Functions | Expression levels during development and in embryonic stem cells | Expression levels in adult tissues | Expression levels in adult hematopoiesis |
---|---|---|---|---|
TET1 | Oxidization of 5-mC | Variable expression [56] | Low [83] | |
TET2 | Oxidization of 5-mC | Widely expressed [56] | High [83] | |
TET3 | Oxidization of 5-mC | Limited expression in colon, stomach, adrenal glands and peripheral blood cells [56] | Low [83] | |
DNMT1 | Methylation maintenance during DNA replication | High in early embryonic stages [129] | Uniform but low in neutrophils [132] | |
DNMT3A | De novo methylation | High in early embryonic stages [129] | Uniform but high in T lymphocytes and neutrophils [132] | |
DNMT3B | De novo methylation | High in later embryonic stages and differentiated cells [129] | Low expression except in human CD34+ cells [132] | |
AID | Cytidine deamination | High in immature B cells from fetal bone marrow and liver [133] | High in lymph nodes and moderated in spleen and bone marrow [134] | Mainly in activated mature B cells [134] |
TDG | Glycosylation and deamination | Ubiquitous from ED 7.5 to 13.5 in mouse, high in central and peripheral nervous system, thymus, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal glands and intestine at ED 14.5 [135] | Mouse aorta [98] | Not reported |
IDH1 | Isocitrate decarboxylation of citric acid cycle | Not reported | Not reported | |
IDH2 | Isocitrate decarboxylation of citric acid cycle | Not reported | Not reported | |
FH | Hydration of fumarate of citric acid cycle | Not reported | Mitochondria [136] | Mature erythrocytes [136] |
SDH | Oxidation of succinate of citric acid cycle | Not reported | Mitochondria [136] | Not reported |