Table 1 Efforts and incentives to leverage clinical data for genomics research

eMERGE

United States

http://emerge-network.org [152]

To develop methods and best practices for the utilization of EHRs for genetic research

i2b2

United States

http://www.i2b2.org [153]

To provide researchers with useful tools to leverage EHRs for clinical and genetic research

PGPop

United States

http://pgpop.mc.vanderbilt.edu [59]

To understand how a person’s genes affect his or her response to medicines

deCODE genetics

Iceland

http://www.decode.com [60]

To leverage population-based and EHR-linked biosamples to investigate inherited causes of common diseases

UK Biobank

United Kingdom

http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk [61]

To improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of serious and life-threatening illnesses through a collection of around 500,000 volunteers' biosamples and clinical information

MVP

United States

http://www.research.va.gov/mvp [52]

To enroll one million volunteers and use their clinical and genetic data to improve health care for veterans

KP RPGEH

United States

http://www.rpgeh.kaiser.org [53]

To examine the genetic and environmental factors that influence common diseases

CKB

China

http://www.ckbiobank.org [154]

To explore the complex interplay between genes and environmental factors on the risks of common chronic diseases