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Fig. 1 | Genome Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Sub-clinical detection of gut microbial biomarkers of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Fig. 1

Study design for sub-clinical gut microbiome analysis in obesity and type 2 diabetes. a Stool and blood samples were collected at one to two time points from 10 MZ twin pairs. DNA was extracted from the stool samples and used for shotgun metagenomic sequencing, from which community composition and function were profiled using MetaPhlAn [18] and HUMAnN [19], respectively. Clinical biomarkers including sugar metabolism measurements (fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin (FBI)), inflammation markers (hsCRP) and others (Additional file 1: Table S1) were derived from accompanying blood samples. Finally, we determined significant associations between these clinical biomarkers and microbial taxa and functions using MaAsLin [13]. b Overall covariation of taxonomic profiles and the clinical biomarkers and taxa enriched among distinct sample subsets. Points represent samples ordinated using metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, colored by twin pair, with lines connecting samples from the same individual at different time points. Taxa and metadata are labeled at the point of maximum enrichment among samples. c Absolute BMI differences between any two ‘Unrelated’ (at time point 1), ‘Twins’ (at time point 1), and the same individuals at the two different time points (‘Self’). Comparisons are colored by the maximal BMI of the participants involved; P values were calculated using a t-test. d Taxonomic profile similarities of unrelated, twins, and individuals over time. Comparisons are colored by the maximal age of the participants involved; P values were calculated using a t-test

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