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Table 4 Serum metabolites identified as changing significantly over the progression of chronic HBV infection

From: Metabolic characterization of the natural progression of chronic hepatitis B

Targeted metabolomics platform

Metabolite class

Metabolite species identified as changing significantly during the progression of chronic HBV

Cluster 6: stable increased

Biogenic amines

Amines

Carnitine, ornithine

Cluster 8: stable decreased

Acyl-carnitines

Acylcarnitines

Nonaylcarnitine

Negative lipids

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)

sn1, C20:3 (ω3ω6), sn2, C20:3 (ω3ω6)

Cluster 10: increasing over the four phases

Acyl-carnitines

Acyl-carnitines

Isovalerylcarnitine, 2-methylbutyroylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine

Biogenic amines

Amino acids

Phenylalanine, glutamic acid, methionine

Amines

Choline

Positive lipids

Diacylglycerol (DG)

C36:2

Triglycerides (TG)

C54:2, C54:3, C54:4, C55:3, C56:3, C56:4, C56:5, C56:6, C58:5

Negative lipids

Free fatty acids

C20:4 (ω6)

Cluster 13: reflective of ALT levels

Biogenic amines

Amino acid metabolite

Kynurenine

Cluster 15: increasing over the four phases

Positive lipids

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

C38:4

Sphingomeylins (SM)

C18:1/25:0

Triglycerides (TG)

C42:1, C52:2, C55:2

Negative lipids

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE)

C18:1, C20:3 (ω3ω6), C20:4

Cluster 23: reflective of HBV DNA levels

Acyl-carnitines

Acylcarnitines

Decanoylcarnitine

Negative lipids

Free fatty acids

C20:3 (ω3ω6), C22:4

  1. The significant metabolites are divided into their clusters indicative of their trend and all had an ANOVA p value <0.05