Fig. 1

BMI and carcinogenesis are strongly associated in male mice. a Schematic of cross-generation and tumor induction. b Correlation heatmap between pre-treatment phenotype values and tumor burden measured at multiple tumor timepoints. Negative log10 of the p value for Spearman’s rank-order correlation is plotted for male mice, female mice, and the combined dataset. c Tumor burden is higher in male mice with higher BMI and weight values. Papilloma burden at 20 weeks was compared between mice in the highest and lowest quartile for each phenotype. Bars represent the 95 % CI for the mean for mice in the highest quartile (blue) and lowest quartile (orange) for each sex. Female and male mice are plotted separately on the right and left halves, respectively. All differences between phenotype groups in males are significant and no differences in females are significant. d Survival curve for mice with high BMI and low BMI values split by sex. Kaplan–Meier plots for carcinoma-free survival mice with the highest 25 % of BMI values (orange) and lowest 25 % (blue). BMI group is a significant predictor of carcinoma risk in male mice with p = 0.0013 by log-rank test. There is no significant difference in females