Fig. 1
From: Advances in the delivery of RNA therapeutics: from concept to clinical reality
Common delivery modalities for RNA. a Schematic depicting polymeric nanoparticles comprising RNA and cationic polymer. b Schematic depicting lipid nanoparticles containing RNA, a cationic/ionizable lipid, and other hydrophobic moieties (such as cholesterol) commonly used in nanoparticle formulation. c Chemical structure of a tertiary conjugate between N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and RNA that is currently in clinical trials [38]. d Examples of base, sugar, and linker modifications that have been utilized to deliver nucleic acids (modified chemistry highlighted in blue)