Table 1 Comparison of clinically relevant RNA delivery platforms
From: Advances in the delivery of RNA therapeutics: from concept to clinical reality
| Delivery vehicle | Type of RNA in clinical trials | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naked RNA | siRNA, ASO, mRNA | No additional materials or synthesis required |
Prone to degradation Immunogenic Difficulty entering cell Poor circulation half-life | [63,64,74,75,76,77,65, 73–78, 101, 103, 114, 115] |
| Nanoparticle | siRNA, ASO, mRNA |
Increased half life Protection from nucleases Aids in endocytosis and endosomal escape | Elevated risk of toxicity with introducing excipient materials | [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,59,83,84,107,111,112,157,158,37, 58–60, 82–85, 106–108, 110–113, 131, 145, 156–159] |
| Conjugate | siRNA, ASO |
Defined chemical structure Ability to target specific receptors Limited toxicity due to lack of excipient materials |
High doses required Dependent on chemical modifications for RNA stability | [38,39,40,41,42,43, 62] |