Fig. 1

Experimental study design. a Mice that were raised conventionally (CONV-R) or germ-free (GF) were sacrificed at three developmental stages: 1 week, 4 weeks, and between 12 and 16 weeks of age. b Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from the distal small intestine were collected. DNA and RNA were isolated and gene expression and DNA methylation analyzed by RNA-seq and RRBS, respectively