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Table 1 Immune checkpoint molecules being targeted by therapeutics for cancer, infectious disease, or autoimmunity

From: Recent advances in immunotherapies: from infection and autoimmunity, to cancer, and back again

Checkpoint molecule

Biological role

Therapeutic

Disease

Reference

CTLA-4

Inhibits TCR/CD28 signaling.

Ipilimumab

Malignancy

Schadendorf et al. 2015 [93]

Limits primary T cell activation.

Tremelimumab

Malignancy

Ribas et al. 2013 [94]

  

Chronic infection

Sangro et al. 2013 [95]

 

Abatacept

Autoimmune disease

Kremer et al. 2006 [96]

PD-1/PD-L1

Inhibits TCR/CD28 -signaling via

ITIM and ITSM. Limits T e ffector

function.

Nivolumab

Malignancy

Topalian et al. 2012 [49]

Pembrolizumab

Malignancy

Reck et al. 2016 [97]

Avelumab

Malignancy

Kaufman et al. 2016 [98]

Atezolizumab

Malignancy

Rittmeyer et al. 2017 [99]

TIGIT

Inhibits CD226 co-stimulation

via ITIM. Limits T cell e ffector

function.

OMP-31 M32

Malignancy

NCT03 119,428

MTIG7192 A

Malignancy

NCT03563716

BMS-986207

Malignancy

NCT02913313

Tim3 (HAVCR2)

Negatively regulates TCR/CD28

signaling. Limits T cell activation.

Ly3321367

Malignancy

NCT03099109

MBG453

Malignancy

NCT02608268

TSR-022

Malignancy

NCT02817633

Sym023

Malignancy

NCT03489343

LAG-3

Negatively regulates TCR signaling.

Limits T cell proliferation.

BMS-986016

Malignancy

NCT01968109

TSR-033

Malignancy

NCT03250832

MGD013

Malignancy

NCT03219268

Sym022

Malignancy

NCT03489369

IMP321

Malignancy

NCT02676869

GSK2831781

Autoimmunity

NCT02195349