Fig. 3

a Distribution of distance between consecutive mutations in clouds of various sizes (number of mutations in a cloud). b Difference between NMF and SIGMA in mutation signatures assigned to mutations is higher for cloud mutations. c Comparison of exposure to mutation signatures in sky and cloud regions based on SIGMA signature assignments. d Frequency distribution of the 12 mutation signatures (assigned by SIGMA) over replication time. The red line is the distribution over replication time from early to late for mutations in clouds. The blue line is the distribution of trends for sky mutations downsampled to the number of mutations found in clouds. The sampling was repeated 1000 times, and the 95% confidence intervals of the downsampled sky mutation frequencies are shown. All results show mean values with standard error of the mean (small vertical bars) from 31 random initializations of SIGMA