Fig. 5

High fraction of IgA2 associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment in adult AML. a Scatter plot showing the positive correlation between IgA2 fraction and TGFB1 expression in adult AML. Statistical significance was evaluated using Spearman’s correlation test. b Visualization of Ig isotype class switching in adult AML groups. Adult AML samples were divided into IgA2 low (0–5%, n = 64), medium (5%–10%, n = 64), and high (> 10%, n = 23) groups. Circle size represents the fraction of Ig isotypes, which was calculated by the number of IgH clusters carrying a given Ig isotype divided by the total number of IgH clusters in each group. Lines connecting two circles indicate co-existence of two isotypes in one cluster, with line width proportional to the number of such cluster divided by the total number of IgH clusters in each group. Network size represents the overall B cell activation, which is defined by the number of IgH CDR3 clusters divided by the number of IgH CDR3s in each group. The pie charts in black dot circles show the fraction of IgM class switching across different groups. c, d The enriched GO terms with IgA2 fraction in adult AML. e Boxplot showing FOXP3 expression level across pediatric AML IgA1 low, high, and adult AML IgA2 low, high groups. The p values were calculated using the two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test