Fig. 3

Highlights of circadian regulation across different physiological systems. Sleep: overview of circadian disruptions that directly modulate the timing and quality of sleep in humans [28, 47, 48, 76, 77] and the consequences of poor rhythms [78,79,80]. The outer layers represent the time at which individuals who have either familial advanced sleep phase disorder (FASPD) or delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) usually sleep. Metabolism: the integration of corticosterone rhythmic signaling by PPARγ in adipogenesis [81] and the metabolic consequences of disrupted rhythms [32, 33]. Cardiovascular system: neutrophils and monocytes adhere to atherosclerotic plaques (represented as the yellow mass in the inner side of the blood vessel) during the transition from the active to the resting period [57]. Clock disruption also impacts the vascular system [82]. Aging: reprogramming of circadian gene expression in stem cells in aging [83] and the consequences of poor rhythms [84]. Microbiota: gut microbiota upregulate NFIL3 levels, which modulate lipid uptake and body fat [85]. Cancer: disruption of the circadian clock leads to enhanced cell proliferation and tumorigenesis [49, 50]