Fig. 2

Hierarchical clustering of basis diseases and their UKBB counterparts in basis space. a Unweighted basis constructed using \( \hat{\beta} \). b Basis constructed using continuous shrinkage applied to \( \hat{\beta} \). Heatmaps indicate projected \( \hat{\delta} \) for each disease on each component PC1–PC13, with grey indicating 0 (no difference from control), and darker shades of green or magenta showing departure from controls in one direction or the other. GWAS datasets: T1D, type 1 diabetes; CEL, celiac disease; asthma; MS, multiple sclerosis; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn’s disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; VIT, vitiligo; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults; IgA_NEPH, IgA nephropathy. UKBB_ prefixed diseases correspond to self-reported disease status in UK Biobank