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Table 1 Outbreak patients vs. non-outbreak patients with MLST 105 isolates

From: PathoSPOT genomic epidemiology reveals under-the-radar nosocomial outbreaks

Factor

Outbreak patients

Non-outbreak patients

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

N = 16 (%)

N = 34 (%)

OR (95% CI)

p value

OR (95% CI)

p value

Male

11 (69)

21 (62)

1.36 (0.39–4.82)

0.63

  

Race/ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic White

5 (31)

14 (41)

Reference

   

 Non-Hispanic Black

3 (19)

9 (26)

0.93 (0.18–4.90)

0.94

  

 Hispanic/Latino/Asian

5 (31)

6 (18)

2.33 (0.49–11.17)

0.29

  

 Unknown

3 (19)

5 (15)

1.68 (0.29–9.75)

0.56

  

Age at time of infection

 18–54 years

6 (38)

7 (21)

Reference

   

 55–69 years

5 (31)

9 (26)

0.65 (0.14–3.04)

0.58

  

 ≥ 70 years

5 (31)

18 (53)

0.32 (0.07–1.41)

0.13

  

History of IV drug use

2 (13)

2 (6)

2.29 (0.29–17.90)

0.43

  

HIV

1 (6)

3 (9)

0.69 (0.07–7.19)

0.76

  

Admission source

 Home

12 (75)

17 (50)

Reference

   

 NH/Rehab/LTACH

2 (13)

11 (32)

0.26 (0.05–1.38)

0.11

  

 Other hospitals

2 (13)

6 (18)

0.47 (0.08–2.75)

0.40

  

Prior hospital admission (90 days)

10 (63)

23 (68)

0.80 (0.23–2.76)

0.72

  

NHSN definitions

 CO-MRSA

4 (25)

24 (71)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 HO-MRSA

12 (75)

10 (29)

7.20 (1.87–27.79)

0.004

5.20 (1.04–26.01)

0.04

Presence of invasive deviceA

14 (88)

27 (90)

0.78 (0.12–5.21)

0.80

  

Receiving cancer treatmentB

7 (44)

2 (6)

15.75 (1.75–141.39)

0.01

11.24 (1.72–73.28)

0.01

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)

 0–3

4 (25)

9 (26)

Reference

   

 ≥ 4

12 (75)

25 (74)

1.08 (0.28–4.23)

0.91

  

History of MRSA colonization

6 (38)

16 (47)

0.68 (0.20–2.28)

0.53

  

Presumed source of MRSA BSI

 Skin sourceC

4 (25)

7 (21)

1.29 (0.32–5.24)

0.73

  

 Pneumonia

1 (6)

6 (18)

0.31 (0.03–2.83)

0.30

  

 Vascular access*,†

9 (56)

9 (26)

3.57 (1.03–12.43)

0.05

  

 Others/undetermined

2 (13)

12 (35)

0.26 (0.05–1.35)

0.11

  

Persistent bacteremia (≥ 5 days)

2 (13)

9 (26)

0.40 (0.08–2.10)

0.28

  

ICU admission prior to BSI

4 (25)

3 (9)

3.44 (0.67–17.73)

0.14

  

Intubated prior to MRSA BSI

4 (25)

2 (6)

5.33 (0.86–33.00)

0.07

  
  1. Bold indicates significance at ≤ 0.05
  2. Abbreviations: BSI bloodstream infection, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, ICU intensive care unit, IV intravenous, NHSN National Healthcare Safety Network
  3. AIncludes devices such as a pacemaker, any vascular access, orthopedic hardware, foley catheter, arteriovenous graft placement, percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy (PEG), ostomy, or any type of urinary collection at the time of first positive bloodstream infection
  4. BIncludes patients actively receiving cancer treatment through a central venous catheter prior to bacteremia in the outpatient or inpatient setting
  5. CSkin source includes skin and soft tissue infections, thrombophlebitis due to peripheral IV catheters
  6. *Variable not included in the multivariate analysis in order to prevent collinearity between receiving cancer treatment and vascular access
  7. †Vascular access devices include a non-tunneled central venous catheter, tunneled catheter (hickman or permacath), implanted port, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line), and arteriovenous graft (AVG) and fistula (AVF)
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Genome Medicine

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