Epigenetic signatures in cancer: proper controls, current challenges and the potential for clinical translation

Table 1 Epigenetic signatures associated with specific physiological influences

Influence	Epigenetic signature	Affected processes	Samples used in the study	Reference
Environment	Increasing diversity of histone marks with age	-	Immune cells from young and old donors	Cheung, Vallania et al. 2018 [5]
Aging	Decreased chromatin accessibility at promoters and enhancers	T cell signaling	Immune cells young and old donors	Ucar, Marquez et al. 2017 [14]
Aging	Reduction of H3K27ac/H3Kme1/H3K4me3	Development, tumorigenesis	Hematopoietic stem cells young and old donors	Adelman, Huang et al. 2019 [15]
Aging	Broader H3K4me3 peaks, hypermethylation of TF binding sites	Differentiation, self-renewal	Young and old murine hematopoietic stem cells	Sun, Luo et al. 2014 [16]
Aging	Promoter hypermethylation	Stemness, tumorigenesis	Mouse colon derived organoids	Tao, Kang et al. 2019 [4]
Aging	Elevation of chromatin marks	-	Immune cells twins	Cheung, Vallania et al. 2018 [5]
Smoking	DNA hypomethylation in promoter regions	Tumorigenesis	Tumor tissue breast cancer patients	Conway, Edmiston et al. 2017 [17]
Metabolism	DNA hypermethylation	Survival, growth	Acute myeloid leukemia cells	Raffel, Falcone et al. 2017 [19]

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