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Table 2 Epigenetics in cancer diagnosis and prognosis

From: Epigenetic signatures in cancer: proper controls, current challenges and the potential for clinical translation

Cancer

Epigenetic mark

Used for

Reference

Cancer of unknown primary

DNA methylation

Diagnosis

Moran, Martinez-Cardus et al. 2016 [89]

Central nervous system tumors

DNA methylation

Diagnosis, subclassification

Capper, Jones et al. 2018 [76]

Pilocytic astrocytomas

DNA methylation

Diagnosis, subclassification

Lambert, Witt et al. 2013 [77]

Colorectal cancer

DNA methylation

Diagnosis, subclassification

Bormann, Rodriguez-Paredes et al. 2018 [78]

Atypical teratoid/ rhabdoid tumors

DNA methylation

Subclassification

Johann, Erkek et al. 2016 [81]

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

DNA methylation

Subclassification, clinical outcome prediction

Lipka, Witte et al. 2017 [80]

Cholangiocarcinoma

DNA methylation

Prognosis prediction

Goeppert, Toth et al. 2019 [79]

Brain tumors

DNA methylation

Disease progression and recurrence risk prediction

Sahm, Schrimpf et al. 2017 [82]

Brain tumors

DNA methylation

Survival prediction

Wiestler, Capper et al. 2014 [83]

Bladder cancer

Histone modification

Recurrence risk prediction

Ellinger, Schneider et al. 2016 [86]

Prostate cancer

Histone modification

Recurrence risk prediction

Seligson, Horvath et al. 2005 [85]

Esophageal cancer

DNA methylation

Risk prediction

Takeshima and Ushijima 2019 [72]

Colorectal cancer

Histone modification

Liquid biopsies

Gezer, Yoruker et al. 2015 [90]

Lung cancer

DNA methylation of cell-free DNA

Liquid biopsies

Liang, Zhao et al. 2019 [92]