Fig. 4

Microbial functional modules are differentially abundant in the microbiota of the combined Danish-Indian group of T2D patients after controlling for confounding factors. Fold change of differentially abundant functional modules are shown in log scale. Both Danish and Indians’ samples were included in the analysis. These modules are consistently identified from six different analyses where country and metformin were always adjusted for, while each additional factor (BMI, age, gender, usage of sulfonyl urea, statins, and proton pump inhibitors) was adjusted for one by one. NG, normoglycemic controls (n = 275); T2D, type 2 diabetes (n = 298)