Fig. 3

Travel outweighs subject effects in shaping resistome architecture. a 95% confidence interval (red line segment), odds ratio (red point), and p value calculated by Fisher’s exact test for samples with the same time point being drawn from the same metaresistome. The black vertical line at 1 shows the expected result under the null. b Each row in this plot corresponds to a metaresistome (m1–m8) in a Dirichlet multinomial mixture model of all traveler samples. The pie charts on the left are proportional in size to the number of samples in each metaresistome. The fill of the chart corresponds to the number of individuals in the time point (pre-travel in blue and post-travel in red). The network shows the number of individuals that transition from any model to any other model following their return from abroad. The black lines indicate staying within the same model, and the green lines indicate transition from one model to another model. The thickness and opacity of the lines correspond to the number of people following that transition path. Node label sizes correspond to the number of individuals in the model from the time point. Nodes filled in blue are significantly enriched in pre-travel samples, and nodes in red are significantly enriched in post-travel samples. The right panel shows the estimates (points) and 95% confidence intervals (lines) for binomial tests of bias for pre- or post-travel samples. p values for the comparison (FDR-corrected binomial test) are given above the lines. The expected estimate under the null model is given by the dark black line at 0.5. Source data for all panels is provided in the source data file (Additional file 3)