Fig. 8

Quinolone resistance genes were acquired in regions with equal frequency, while β-lactam resistance genes had destination-specific acquisition. a AMR genes acquired or lost after travel detected by qPCR. Each point is an AMR gene. The x-axis is the number of individuals that had the gene in the pre-travel time point, but not in the post-travel time point. The y-axis is the number of individuals that had the gene in the post-travel time point, but not in the pre-travel time point. Significant acquired AMR genes are in red. The number of significant genes is tabulated in the top right. Non-significant genes are in black. The diagonal line is the null of equal losses and gains for an AMR gene. The inset panel gives the results from binomial tests of bias for AMR gene acquisition for the post-travel time point. The lines are 95% confidence intervals, and the points are estimates. p values (FDR-corrected binomial test) are given at the bottom of the plot for each gene. The dotted line is the expected value under the null. The lines and points are red if significantly acquired. b Sankey diagrams of significant gene acquisitions by travel region detected by qPCR. Black nodes are when the gene was not found, and bright red nodes indicate the gene was present. Ribbon colors correspond to the destination countries (dark blue is Northern Africa, light blue is Eastern Africa, orange is Southern Asia, and red is Southeastern Asia). The width of all lines is proportional to the number of individuals following that path. Source data for both panels is provided in the source data file (Additional file 3)