Fig. 3

Forest plot of Mendelian randomisation result. Blue square represents causal estimate. Blue line is 95% confidence interval. Every line represents one approach to estimate the potential causal effect (Additional File 1: Supplementary methods). Section A represents effects of tested risk factors on impaired lung function. Section B is the inverse direction. Impaired lung function as exposure for blood pressure. If causal effect estimates were not nominal significant with at least two different approaches and did not have a consistent direction of effect they are given in Fig. S8-S13 in Additional File 1