Table 3 Clinical and biological characteristics of study cohort subjects before, 3, and 12 months after the bariatric surgery procedure

 Sex (F/M)

32/12

 Metabolic syndrome status, N (%)

36/47 (76.6)^A

17/41 (41.5)^B

10/43 (23.3)^C

 Diabetes status, N (%)

24 (50.0)^A

9(18.7)^B

4(8.3)^C

 BMI (kg/m²)

49.7 ± 6.50^A

41.3 ± 5.85^B

35.1 ± 5.62^C

 WHR

0.95 [0.91; 1.02]^A

0.94 [0.88; 0.99]^A

0.94 [0.87; 1.01]^A

 Total fat mass (in %)

49.4 [43.3; 53.0]^A

46.0 [38.8; 48.2]^B

37.0 [28.9; 44.0]^C

 Visceral fat mass ratio

19.0 [17.0; 22.0]^A

15.0 [12.8; 16.0]^B

12.0 [8.00; 13.0]^C

 HbA1c (%)

5.62 [5.42; 6.66]^A

5.42 [5.17; 5.77]^B

5.21 [4.89; 5.64]^C

 FPG (mmol/l)

5.50 [5.21; 7.54]^A

5.25 [4.89; 6.04]^B

5.00 [4.68; 5.57]^C

 HOMA-IR

5.37 [3.16; 8.85]^A

2.62 [2.12; 2.93]^B

2.30 [1.07; 3.15]^B

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

132 ± 12.9^A

120 ± 14.9^B

120 ± 14.7^B

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.6 ± 12.1^A

68.2 ± 13.0^A

68.8 ± 11.4^A

 LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.16 [2.48; 3.81]^A

2.26 [1.92; 2.83]^B

2.37 [1.93; 2.91]^B

 HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.21 [0.99; 1.40]^A

1.12 [0.96; 1.35]^A

1.52 [1.27; 1.59]^B

 TG (mmol/l)

1.68 [1.28; 2.15]^A

1.15 [0.94; 1.46]^B

0.96 [0.64; 1.30]^C

 Leukocytes (Gpt/l)

7.50 [6.70; 8.50]^A

6.60 [5.50; 8.03]^A

6.10 [5.20; 7.32]^A

 LBP (μg/ml)

20.465[17.89; 24.21]^A

15.99 [11.75; 17.59]^B

6.005 [2.36; 14.01]^C

 sCD14 (ng/ml)

3089 ± 384^A

3626 ± 323^B

3243 ± 385^C

 CRP (pg/ml)

8.61 [3.87; 18.8]^A

4.56 [1.49; 10.1]^B

1.24 [0.43; 3.52]^C

 Bacterial DNA amount (in pg per μg extracted whole DNA)

0.64 [0.48; 1.05]^A

0.48 [0.32; 0.68]^B

1.24 [0.90; 2.03]^C