Table 1 Characteristics of the study population, by cohort
| Â | Discovery cohort | Replication cohorts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | AADM (n = 4432) | HUFS (n = 1958) | ARIC (n = 3029) | CFS (n = 304) | JHS (n = 1281) | MESA (n = 1418) |
Covariates | ||||||
 Age (years) | 51.5 (51.1–51.9) | 39.4 (38.6–40.1) | 53.3 (53.1–52.6) | 45.1 (43.3–46.9) | 49.4 (48.7–50.1) | 62.1 (61.5–62.6) |
 Sex (% female) | 59.4 (58.0–60.8) | 61.2 (59.1–63.4) | 62.6 (60.9–64.3) | 58.6 (52.9–64.0) | 60.5 (57.8–63.1) | 53.5 (50.9–56.0) |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (26.4–26.7) | 30.0 (29.6–30.3) | 29.7 (29.4–29.9) | 34.5 (33.5–35.5) | 32.3 (31.9–32.7) | 30.2 (29.9–30.5) |
 T2D (%)a | 49.9 (48.4–51.4) | 11.2 (9.9–12.7) | 21.7 (20.3–23.2) | 28.3 (23.5–33.6) | 12.8 (11.1–14.7) | 17.8 (15.9–19.9) |
Cytokines | ||||||
 Adipsin (ng/ml) | 1205.5 (898.5–2095.5) | 1153.4 (920.8–1380.9) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 Leptin (ng/ml) | 3.7 (1.0–10.2) | 14.1 (3.9–40.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 GIP (pg/ml) | 207.0 (134.9–336.9) | 480.8 (346.7–694.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 GLP-1(pg/ml) | 224.1 (176.4–289.7) | 153.6 (124.8–182.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 PAI-1(ng/ml) | 32.0 (22.6–47.4) | NA | 14.0 (5.6–24.2) | 29.1 (13.1–55.9) | -- | 16.0 (8.0–33.0) |
 Resistin (ng/ml) | 4.8 (3.2–7.5) | 5.7 (4.0–9.1) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 Visfatin (ng/ml) | 2.3 (1.5–3.9) | 1.33 (1.06–1.62) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 Il-1RA (pg/ml) | 320.7 (237.7–463.4) | 270.8 (152.6–427.1) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 IL-6 (pg/ml) | 1.06 (0.72–1.70) | 1.23 (0.75–2.1) | -- | 2.35 (1.4–3.9) | -- | 1.36 (0.89–2.14) |
 IL-10 (pg/ml) | 9.6 (7.7–12.0) | 9.8 (7.8–12.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Hormones | ||||||
 Insulin (uU/ml)b | 5.7 (3.1–10.1) | 7.9 (4.6–13.4) | 11.4 (7.2–17.6) | -- | 14.0 (10.0–21.0) | 8.4 (5.9–12.3) |
 Glucagon (pg/ml) | 280.5 (176.2–449.2) | 286.8 (216.6–363.9) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 Ghrelin (pg/ml) | 311.0 (160.1–685.8) | 944.7 (754.2–1280.2) | -- | -- | -- | -- |