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Fig. 1 | Genome Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Identification and drug-induced reversion of molecular signatures of Alzheimer’s disease onset and progression in AppNL-G-F, AppNL-F, and 3xTg-AD mouse models

Fig. 1

Behavioral and histological characterization of mouse AD models. a Experimental flowchart. b Top, novel object recognition (NOR) test performed on Appwt (light blue; 3 mo. n = 9; 9 mo. n = 9; 18 mo. n = 11) and AppNL-F (dark blue; 3 mo. n = 11; 9 mo. n = 15; 18 mo. n = 11) mice. Bottom, NOR test performed on Appwt (light blue; 3 mo n = 6; 6 mo n = 10; 9 mo n = 13) and AppNL-G-F (dark blue; 3 mo n = 12; 6 mo n = 10; 9 mo n = 13) mice. Mean ± SD of the % of time exploring the novel object is shown. One-sample t-test versus a hypothetical value of 50 (* p value < 0.05, ** p value < 0.005, *** p value < 0.0005) and unpaired Student’s t test (# p value < 0.05; ### p value < 0.0005) analysis are shown. Red dots indicate the results of the animals selected for histological and molecular profiling analyses. c Quantification and representative microphotographs of the CA1 region of the hippocampus of brain sections from 3-, 9-, and 18-mo. AppNL-F mice or from 3-, 6-, and 9-mo. AppNL-G-F mice stained with an anti-Aβ antibody (green) and Hoechst dye (blue) (n = 4 for each condition). Scale bars represent 50 μm. Photographs for both models were taken under identical conditions and the percentage of area with Aβ-positive staining was quantified as indicated in the “Methods” section. Mean ± SD of AppNL-F (light blue) and AppNL-G-F (dark blue) mice are shown. NA: not available. d Y-maze test performed on mixed non-transgenic C57BL6/129SvJ mice (light blue; 3 mo. n = 16; 8 mo. n = 17; 15 mo. n = 14) and 3xTg-AD transgenic mice (dark blue; 3 mo. n = 11; 8 mo. n = 12; 15 mo. n = 13). Mean ± SD of the % of alternation are shown. Unpaired Student’s t test was performed (## p value < 0.05). Red dots indicate the results of the animals selected for histological and molecular profiling analyses. e As in a, sections from 3-, 8-, and 15-mo. 3xTg-AD mice were stained with an anti-Aβ antibody (green) and Hoechst dye (blue) (n = 4 for each condition). Scale bars represent 50 μm. Mean ± SD are shown. f Representative staining of Aβ (green), phosphorylated Tau (red), and nuclei (blue) in a brain section of a 15-mo. 3xTg-AD mouse (n = 4). White arrows indicate neurons with aggregated phosphorylated Tau. Asterisks indicate non-specific staining. Scale bar represents 50 μm

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