Fig. 4

circRNA candidates hold strong prognostic potential and are detectable in EV-enriched plasma samples. a–e Kaplan-Meier analysis of biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival (a,b,d,e) or progression to MPC (c) in RP cohort 1 (a,d) and RP cohort 3 (b,c,e). Patients in RP cohorts 1 and 3 were dichotomized based on cut-off trained in RP cohort 1 from circITGA7 expression (a–c) or the 5-circRNA signature (d, e). For each Kaplan-Meier plot, p values for two-sided log-rank tests and the number of patients at risk are given. f, g Boxplot of 5-circRNA signature score in cohort 1 (f) and cohort 2 (g). h–k Boxplot of overall (h) or individual (i–k) circRNA levels in EV-enriched plasma samples across sample types (cohort 4, n = 54). l circACVR2A expression across GG in diagnostic biopsies from LPC patients. Boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles and median. Outlier cases, defined as more than 1.5 times the IQR from the median are marked as individual dots outside the whiskers