Table 1 Overview of scRNA-seq CSF studies
Category | Disease | Samples | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammation | MS AIE | MS-affected twins: 4 CSF, 4 PBMC “healthy” MS-twins: 8 CSF, 8 PBMC AIE: 2 CSF, 2 PBMC Controls: 2 CSF, 2 PBMC | Clonally expanded CD8+ T cells in the CSF of MS and SCNI, plasmablasts in the CSF of MS, SCNI, and AIE | [43] |
MS | MS: 6 CSF, 6 PBMC Controls: 6 CSF, 6 PBMC | B/plasma cells, NK, CD8+/CD4+ T cells, TFH in the CSF of MS, cytotoxic CD4+ TEMRA cells in the CSF of MS | [11] | |
MS OND | MS: 12 CSF, 12 PBMC OND: 1 CSF, 1 PBMC Control: 3 CSF, 3 PBMC | Clonally expanded B cells associated with inflammation and blood-brain in the CSF of MS | [14] | |
MS | MS: 5 CSF, 5 PBMC Controls: 6 CSF, 6 PBMC | Activated and cytotoxic phenotype of clonally expanded T cells in the CSF of MS | [18] | |
IgG4-RD | IgG4-RD: 1 CSF | CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, B cells in the CSF of IgG4-RD | [97] | |
MS ONID | MS: 19 CSF ONID: 15 CSF Controls: 2 CSF | Plasma cells and T cells in the CSF of MS increase of myeloid cells and Reduction of B and T cells in anti-CD20 treated MS | [15] | |
Degeneration | AD MCI PD | AD: 7 CSF MCI: 5 CSF PD: 8 CSF Controls: 14 CSF | Clonally expanded CD8+ TEMRA cells in the CSF of AD | [50] |
AD MCI PD | AD: 4 CSF MCI: 7 CSF PD: 7 CSF Controls: 8 CSF | TCRs similarity in the CSF of AD and MCI | [93] | |
LBD | LBD: 11 CSF Controls: 11 CSF | CXCR-expressing CD4+ T cells in the CSF of LBD | [52] | |
Cancer | BRCA NSCLC | BRCA: 3 CSF NSCL: 5 CSF | Iron-binding protein and its receptor expressed by cancer cells in the CSF | [54] |
LUAD | LUAD: 5 CSF Controls: 3 CSF | Increased transcripts of cell adhesion and metabolic pathways in circulating tumor cells in the CSF | [55] | |
BRCA LUAD ESCA SCLC SKCM | BRCA: 1 CSF, 3 tumors LUAD: 4 CSF, 3 tumors ESCA: 2 CSF, 1 tumor SCLC: 1 tumor SKCM: 1 CSF, 1 tumor | Identical TCR clones in the CSF and the brain in patients with brain metastasis | [57] | |
PCNSL | PCNSL: 8 CSF | Intratumor heterogeneity in the CSF of PCNSL | [59] | |
Melanoma | Melanoma: 18 CSF, 22 tumor Control: 2 CSF | Increased dysfunctional T cells in the CSF from patients with leptomeningeal than with brain/skin metastases | [60] | |
Infection | HIV | HIV: 3 CSF, 2 PBMC Control: 2 CSF | Microglia-like cells in the CSF of HIV | [13] |
COVID-19 VE MS | Neuro-COVID: 8 CSF VE: 5 CSF MS: 4 CSF Controls: 5 CSF | Exhausted CD4+ T cells and differentiated monocytes in the CSF of Neuro-COVID, less pronounced interferon response in the CSF of Neuro-COVID compared to VE | [61] | |
COVID-19 | COVID-19: 5 CSF, 6 PBMC Control: 6 CSF | T cell activation, clonal T cell expansion, B cell enrichment, and anti-neuronal autoantibodies in the CSF of COVID-19 | [62] |