Fig. 1

A single-cell census of human AKI. A Overview of the study and samples subjected to snRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq. B Major cell types of the human kidney (Podo, podocytes; PT, proximal tubule; tL, thin limb; TAL, thick ascending limb; DCT, distal convoluted tubule; CNT, connecting tubule; CD-PC/IC-A/IC-B, collecting duct principal/intercalated cells type A and B; Leuk, leukocytes; IntC, interstitial cells). C Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) of all kidney cells from snRNA-seq from individuals with AKI and controls. D Heatmap of marker genes of each major cell type. Examples of known cell type marker genes are indicated. Expression values are shown as per-gene maximum-normalized counts per million (CPM). E Relative abundances of major cell types in individuals with AKI and controls (mean and standard deviation) (upper panel) and stacked bar plots for all individuals and major cell types (lower panel). F Principal component analysis of all study individuals using pseudobulk data per individual from all proximal tubule (PT) cells and PT-specific highly variable genes (see Additional file 1: Fig. S2 for other cell types and whole tissue). COVID-associated AKI cases are highlighted by gray arrows