From: Therapy sculpts the complex interplay between cancer and the immune system during tumour evolution
Therapy type | Anti-tumour immune interactions | Pro-tumour immune interactions |
---|---|---|
Chemotherapy | Immunostimulation [46]; Treg depletion [50]; Increased mutational burden (e.g. by Cisplatin [51]); | Immunosuppression (platinum adducts cause apoptosis of lymphocytes [47,48,49]); |
Surgery | Surgery promotes metastasis and is immunosuppressive [73,74,75]; Removal of lymph nodes removes anti-tumour lymphocytes [76] | |
Radiotherapy | Radiation-mediated cell-killing increases activation of macrophages, T cells and dendritic cells [58,59,60,61] and increases HLA expression [62, 63] and neoantigen load [64, 65]; abscopal and synergistic effects with anti-CTLA4+PD1 agents via activated lymphocytes [68]; radiation + IL-15 recruits dendritic cells [70] | DNA damage of lymphocytes [58] |
Targeted therapies | BRAF inhibitors reverse BRAF-induced HLA internalisation [79] | MAPK inhibitors cause resistance to ICB [80]; EGFR inhibitors + PRC2 downregulates HLA I and B2M [81] |
ICB | ICB + epigenetic therapy promotes anti-tumour TME [82,83,84] |