Fig. 5

Alteration of viral gut microbiota composition in cases and HC subjects. A Relative abundance of gut viral orders in cases and HC groups. B Relative abundance of Caudovirales in cases and HC individuals. C Shannon’s diversity for the viral gut microbiota between patients and HC at the virus species level. Statistical significance was determined by Wilcoxon’s rank sum test between two groups. D Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the Canberra distance showing the stratification of patients from HC by viral gut microbiota at species level. Statistical significance for the Canberra distance was determined by PERMANOVA with permutations done 999 times. E Relative abundance of bacteriophage Enterococcus phage EFC-1 in all cases and HC. F Relative abundance of bacteriophage Enterococcus phage EFC-1 in treated or never treated cases compared with HC. G Gut viral species associate with blood cell expression of inflammation markers. Statistical significance was determined by Wilcoxon’s rank sum test between two groups. Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Wilcoxon’s rank sum test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction was performed between the three groups. HC = healthy controls