Immune response | Acute phase | Chronic phase | Detection or exploration methods |
---|---|---|---|
Cells | T lymphocytes | Fewer T lymphocytes (CD4/CD8) | Flow cytometry |
Total eradication of bacteria | No | No | qRT-PCR, qPCR |
Granuloma formation | Yes | No, large vacuole | Immunohistochemistry |
Detection of bacteria in granuloma/large vacuole | No, very weak | Yes | Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, qPCR |
Antibody production | IgG against phase I, IgM against phase II | IgG, IgM, IgA against both phase I and II | Serology (IFA) |
Properties of monocytes from convalescent patients | Able to kill C. burnetii and migrate through the endothelium | Unable to kill C. burnetii or migrate through the endothelium | qRT-PCR, qPCR targeting C. burnetii, apoptosis detection (TUNEL assay) |
Cytokines | IFN-γ and TNFα, mediated through TLR4 activation | IL-10 | qRT-PCR targeting the specific cytokines |
Immune response | Efficient | Deleterious | - |