Fig. 3

PNE decreased body weight gain and moderately increased sensitivity to leptin-induced and melanotan II (MTII)-induced body weight loss of offspring in refeeding experiments. Male offspring were fasted for 12 h, injected i.p. leptin (5 mg/kg), MTII (5 mg/kg), or vehicle (PBS), and immediately offered food. Body weight gain (% of pre-injection body weight) and food intake were determined at defined time points post injection. a–d Leptin experiments: body weight change of STD mice (a) and HFD mice (b), cumulative food intake of STD mice (c) and HFD mice (d). e–h MTII experiments: body weight change of STD mice (e) and HFD mice (f), cumulative food intake of STD mice (g) and HFD mice (h). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-tests (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001) or unpaired two-tailed t test: (^#, p < 0.05 and numerical p values in b and d). The number of male offspring in each group was n = 7–9 originating from at least three different dams. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM