Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naïve Parkinson’s disease patients

Table 1 Clinical characteristics and general demographic parameters of study participants

	PD	Control	P value
Demographics
n	31	28
Age (years, mean ± SD)	64.8 ± 9.5	65.6 ± 10.4	0.970
Clinical data
UPDRS III (mean ± SD)	12.6 ± 6.9	0 ± 0	<0.001
GIT symptoms incl. constipation (GSRS, mean ± SD)	3.4 ± 2.9	2.2 ± 2.0	0.172
Total serum bilirubin	0.23 ± 0.03	0.23 ± 0.03	0.593
Nutritional habits
Diet
Omnivorous	30 [96.8%]	28 [100%]
Vegetarian	1 [3.2%]	0 [0%]
Probiotics	4 [12.9%]	1 [3.6%]
Medication
Amantadine	26 [83.9%]	0 [0%]
Dopamine agonist	11 [35.5%]	0 [0%]
MAO inhibitor	28 [90.3%]	0 [0%]
L-DOPA	0 [0%]	0 [0%]
Statin intake	1 [3.2%]	11 [39.3%]
Metformin	1 [3.2%]	3 [10.7%]
Acetylsalicylic acid	2 [6.5%]	7 [25.0%]
Smoking
No	10 [32.3%]	9 [32.1%]
Yes	5 [16.1%]	4 [14.3%]
Ex-smoker	15 [48.4%]	15 [53.6%]

UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, GIT gastrointestinal, GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale, MAO monoamine oxidase, L-DOPA Levodopa