Fig. 3

The cardiometabolic module. a We built a Markov network to identify the key biomarker features that represent the cardiometabolic module. This network highlights the most important associations after removing edges corresponding to indirect associations. We observed that the microbiome genera Butyrivibrio and Pseudoflavonifractor are the most relevant microbiome genera in the context of this module that interface with features from other modalities. b We clustered individuals using the key biomarkers. The heatmap shows z-statistics from logistic regression for an association between each cluster and each feature. The plot on the left shows the 22 key cardiometabolic biomarkers. The plot on the right shows associations that emerged from an analysis against the full set of 1385 features with p < 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ as well as 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and Apolipoprotein B because of their particular enrichment in clusters 3 and 6, respectively. Some correlated features have been collapsed, with the mean z-statistics displayed; the full set of features can be found in Additional file 1: Figure S1. All of these significant associations showed consistent directions of effect in the TwinsUK cohort (Additional file 2: Table S3); however, the microbiome features and 5 of the glycerophosphocholines were not measured in the TwinsUK cohort and thus could not be assessed for replication. Met, metabolome