|
Trait
|
CENTRAL all (N = 120)
|
P value
|
Low carb (N = 30)
|
Low carb + PA (N = 30)
|
Low fat (N = 30)
|
Low fat + PA (N = 30)
|
|---|
|
Gender (N; female/male)
|
10/110
| |
4/26
|
0/30
|
5/25
|
1/29
|
|
Age (years)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
49 ± 9.3
| |
47 ± 7.5
|
50 ± 9.8
|
50 ± 10.2
|
48 ± 9.5
|
|
Weight (kg)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
90.32 ± 11.5
| |
89.98 ± 14.5
|
90.58 ± 11.6
|
87.64 ± 10.4
|
93.07 ± 8.5
|
|
T18
|
86.66 ± 11.2
| |
88.50 ± 14.2
|
85.44 ± 10.8
|
83.61 ± 9.5
|
89.11 ± 9.1
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 3.65 ± 5.2
|
< 1 × 10−11
|
− 1.48 ± 3.3*
|
− 5.14 ± 5.6***
|
− 4.04 ± 6.6**
|
− 3.96 ± 4.2***
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
30.17 ± 3.3
| |
30.09 ± 4.6
|
30.13 ± 2.4
|
30.38 ± 3.3
|
30.08 ± 2.5
|
|
T18
|
28.97 ± 3.4
| |
29.60 ± 4.4
|
28.45 ± 2.5
|
29.02 ± 3.4
|
28.80 ± 2.8
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 1.20 ± 1.7
|
< 1 × 10−11
|
− 0.49 ± 1.1*
|
− 1.68 ± 1.8***
|
− 1.36 ± 2.1**
|
− 1.27 ± 1.4***
|
|
Waist circumference (cm)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
106.70 ± 8.1
| |
106.56 ± 11.3
|
108.29 ± 6.7
|
104.63 ± 7.3
|
107.56 ± 5.9
|
|
T18
|
101.98 ± 8.4
| |
103.49 ± 12.0
|
100.96 ± 7.0
|
100.50 ± 6.6
|
102.92 ± 6.7
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 4.81 ± 5.6
|
< 1 × 10−14
|
− 3.07 ± 4.0***
|
− 7.3 ± 6.2***
|
− 3.64 ± 6.3**
|
− 5.29 ± 5.1***
|
|
HbA1c (%)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
5.59 ± 0.5
| |
5.66 ± 0.6
|
5.61 ± 0.4
|
5.60 ± 0.5
|
5.49 ± 0.4
|
|
T18
|
5.51 ± 0.5
| |
5.62 ± 0.8
|
5.47 ± 0.4
|
5.55 ± 0.5
|
5.39 ± 0.3
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 0.08 ± 0.3
|
0.005
|
− 0.04 ± 0.5
|
− 0.14 ± 0.2***
|
− 0.06 ± 0.3
|
− 0.10 ± 0.2**
|
|
Insulin (μU/mL)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
18.02 ± 11.3
| |
21.06 ± 15.2
|
16.85 ± 8.15
|
17.55 ± 12.1
|
16.56 ± 8.0
|
|
T18
|
14.18 ± 7.3
| |
16.66 ± 8.6
|
13.98 ± 8.1
|
12.67 ± 6.8
|
13.50 ± 4.7
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 3.91 ± 7.8
|
< 1 × 10−6
|
− 4.54 ± 10.5*
|
− 3.40 ± 6.24**
|
− 4.66 ± 7.8**
|
− 3.07 ± 6.3*
|
|
Visceral adipose tissue area (cm2)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
176.19 ± 61.3
| |
162.00 ± 63.6
|
196.5 ± 63.5
|
160.60 ± 60.8
|
185.70 ± 51.3
|
|
T18
|
128.12 ± 49.8
| |
126.41 ± 47.9
|
131.33 ± 56.2
|
121.03 ± 54.3
|
133.70 ± 41.0
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 48.19 ± 36.2
|
< 1 × 10− 27
|
−35.54 ± 32.7***
|
− 65.21 ± 38.1***
|
− 39.73 ± 28.4***
|
− 52.00 ± 38.6***
|
|
Deep subcutaneous adipose tissue area (cm2)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
210.89 ± 70.0
| |
217.50 ± 79.6
|
210.40 ± 64.8
|
201.30 ± 66.9
|
214.30 ± 70.2
|
|
T18
|
144.71 ± 48.7
| |
152.99 ± 60.2
|
139.50 ± 41.7
|
143.39 ± 41.6
|
142.96 ± 50.5
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 66.66 ± 42.1
|
< 1 × 10−33
|
− 64.55 ± 38.6***
|
− 70.95 ± 45.9***
|
− 59.59 ± 48.1***
|
− 71.31 ± 35.9***
|
|
Superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue area (cm2)
| | | | | | |
|
T0
|
134.89 ± 56.5
| |
146.20 ± 74.7
|
125.20 ± 47.6
|
135.90 ± 59.9
|
132.20 ± 37.9
|
|
T18
|
106.76 ± 44.1
| |
121.37 ± 55.8
|
94.4 ± 31.8
|
111.29 ± 50.3
|
99.99 ± 29.53
|
|
Δ(T18-T0)
|
− 28.02 ± 23.9
|
< 1 × 10−23
|
− 24.85 ± 30.1***
|
− 30.85 ± 24.5***
|
− 24.01 ± 22.8***
|
− 32.23 ± 16.5***
|
- Metabolic traits are shown as mean ± SD values prior intervention (T0), post-intervention (T18), and the intervention specific changes (Δ(T18-T0)). P values obtained from paired t-statistics between T0 and T18 are shown for the entire cohort and indicated as: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, for the intervention specific changes
