Fig. 4

CCR1⁺ CD16+momocytes contribute higher risk to cytokine storms among severe COVID-19 patients. A Boxplot showing the difference in inflammatory cytokine score between CCR1⁺ and CCR1⁻ CD16+ monocytes. A two-side Wilcoxon sum-rank test was used. B Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes between CCR1⁺ and CCR1⁻ CD16+ monocytes. C Significantly enriched pathways by 351 highly expressed genes among CCR1⁺ CD16+ monocytes. Color legend represents the log-transformed FDR value (-Log10(FDR)). D Bar graph showing the proportion of CCR1⁺ CD16+ monocytes among normal, mild, moderate, and severe groups. E Boxplot showing the inflammatory cytokine score of CCR1⁺ CD16+ monocytes among normal, mild, moderate, and severe groups. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis was used. F Bar graph showing the differentially up-DEGs among different COVID-19 patients compared with normal controls. Namely, mild COVID-19 vs. normal, moderate COVID-19 vs. normal, and severe COVID-19 vs. normal. Venn plot on top of bar showing the overlapped up-DEGs between moderate and severe patients. G The correlation of up-DEGs between moderate and severe patients. Pearson correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation coefficient and P value. H–J Representative up-DEGs among CCR1⁺ CD16+ monocytes showing significantly elevated expressions with increased COVID-19 severities. HS100A8, IS100A9, and JIFITM1. K Disease-term enrichment analysis on 190 up-DEGs based on the GLAD4U database. The y-axis shows -Log10(FDR), and the x-axis shows the enrichment ratio