Fig. 2
From: Universal clinical Parkinson’s disease axes identify a major influence of neuroinflammation
Similar phenotypic axes are obtained in two deeply phenotyped Parkinson’s disease cohorts. Results were consistent in two independent cohorts (842 Oxford Discovery and 1807 Tracking UK patients). Examination of these two separate Parkinson’s disease cohorts, using an independent derivation of the phenotypic axes in each, showed significant correlations between each cohort’s first three axes. Correlations between the axes from each cohort are Axis 1 r = 0.92 (p = 3 × 10–13), Axis 2 r = 0.89 (p = 4 × 10−11), and Axis 3 r = 0.72 (p = 5 × 10−6). The correlation coefficient (x-axis) between each axis derived in each cohort (light: Oxford Discovery vs dark: Tracking UK) and each clinical observation (y-axis) is shown. We represented six major categories of Parkinson’s disease symptoms by the colour of the bar plots. These categories include anxiety and depression, the autonomic system, cognitive functions, the motor system, the olfactory system and sleep disorders. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is a comprehensive 50-question assessment of both motor and non-motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s. It includes four parts: (I) non-motor experiences of daily living (II) motor experiences of daily living (III) motor examination (IV) motor complications