Fig. 3

Comparative analysis of DNA methylation in blood monocytes of severe COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis patients. A Violin plot representing the mean methylation state of the DMPs found in the comparison between HDs and sepsis patients with b-values obtained from severe COVID-19 patients. B Fisher’s exact test showing the odds ratio ± 95% confidence interval of the overlap between DMPs found in monocytes from bacterial sepsis patients and DMPs in monocytes from COVID-19 patients. C Proportions of the genomic locations (in relation to genes) of DMPs in COVID-19 and sepsis; Bg., background, EPIC probes. D Venn diagram of the overlap of COVID-19 DMPs identified by the comparison of HDs and severe COVID-19 patients with DMPs identified by the comparison between HDs and sepsis patients, separating hypermethylated and hypomethylated DMPs. E Gene ontology analysis of hypermethylated and hypomethylated overlapping DMPs identified in the previous comparison. Selected significant categories (p < 0.05) are shown. F TF binding motif analysis of shared hypermethylated and hypomethylated DMPs comparing HDs and COVID-19 patients, and by HDs and sepsis patients. The panel shows the fold change (FC), TF family. Boxes with black outlines indicate TF binding motifs with FDR < 0.05. G Box-plot showing the DNA methylation values of individual CpGs (together with the name of the closest gene and its position relative to the transcription start site) from the hypermethylated and hypomethylated clusters from both COVID-19 and sepsis. H Scaled DNA methylation heatmap of regions from the whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), multipotent progenitors (MPPs), common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), and granulocyte macrophage progenitors (GMPs) that overlap with the genomic location of the 1772 hypermethylated DMPs identified in the COVID-19 vs. HDs comparison. Statistical significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001