Fig. 1

Multi-region sampling with spatial details. A Schematic presentation of sampling and summary of included samples. B Spatial distribution of multi-regional samples in each patient. These plots were transformed from the actual images, and thus the distributions in these plots were in perfect agreement with that in real cases. C The distribution of the pairwise spatial distance between sampling sites. Distance is provided in centimeters (cm). D The result of hierarchical clustering of all included samples (including 75 tumor and 21 non-tumor samples) based on the top 500 most variant genes. E Two-dimensional t-SNE plot of all samples based on PCA results